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.research-figure{margin:40px 0;break-inside:avoid}.research-image{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;background:#fff;border:1px solid #10121a26;padding:18px;cursor:zoom-in}.research-image img{display:block;width:100%;max-width:var(--source-width);height:auto;object-fit:contain}.research-photo .research-image{padding:0;background:#d4cfbf}.research-figure figcaption{opacity:1;font-size:13px;line-height:1.65;margin-top:17px;color:#4f4d48;max-width:100%}.research-figure figcaption>strong{display:block;font:25px var(--serif);color:var(--ink);line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:10px}.research-figure figcaption>span{display:block}.research-figure .figure-credit{font-size:11px;margin-top:12px}.figure-credit a{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.research-figure .figure-open{display:inline-flex;gap:8px;margin-top:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #8a442d;color:#8a442d;font-size:11px}.full-section .research-figure figcaption{color:#cbd0ce}.full-section .research-figure figcaption>strong{color:var(--cream)}.full-section .research-figure .figure-open{color:var(--coral);border-color:var(--coral)}.portrait-figure{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.15fr) minmax(180px,.85fr);gap:28px;align-items:center}.portrait-figure .research-image{padding:12px}.portrait-figure figcaption{margin-top:0}.portrait-figure .research-image img{max-width:410px}.compact-figure{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) minmax(180px,1fr);gap:30px;align-items:center}.compact-figure .research-image{padding:16px}.compact-figure figcaption{margin-top:0}.compact-figure .research-image img{max-width:var(--source-width)}.instrument-study{display:grid;grid-template-columns:.7fr 1.3fr;gap:30px;align-items:start}.instrument-study .research-image{min-height:450px;background:white;padding:20px}.instrument-study .research-image img{max-height:410px;width:auto;max-width:100%}.observation-reading{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:25px;margin-top:35px}.observation-reading .research-image{background:#fff}.team-portrait{margin:40px 0}.team-portrait img{width:100%;height:auto}.team-portrait>a{display:block;cursor:zoom-in}.team-portrait figcaption{opacity:1;color:#55524d;font-size:13px;line-height:1.7;margin-top:15px}.team-portrait figcaption span{display:block;margin-top:7px;font-size:11px}.chapter-people .chapter-hero-art{inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;opacity:1;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#163831fa 0%,#163831e8 31%,#1638318c 64%,#16383155 100%),linear-gradient(0deg,#163831e0,transparent 50%),url('assets/research/prl-team.jpg') center 48%/cover;-webkit-mask-image:none;mask-image:none}.chapter-people .chapter-hero-copy{max-width:900px}.chapter-people .chapter-hero h1{text-shadow:0 2px 18px #0b1f1b55}.chapter-people .chapter-hero .standfirst{max-width:680px}.reference-group-heading{padding:45px 0 30px;border-top:1px solid #10121a35}.reference-group-heading h2{font-size:40px;margin-top:18px;line-height:1.15}.reference-group+.reference-group{margin-top:50px}.reference-entry .reference-year{overflow-wrap:anywhere}.image-dialog{width:min(1300px,calc(100vw - 36px));height:min(900px,calc(100dvh - 36px));max-width:none;max-height:none;padding:0;border:1px solid #62686b;background:#151b23;color:var(--cream);box-shadow:0 20px 100px #0008}.image-dialog::backdrop{background:#071017dd;-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(8px);backdrop-filter:blur(8px)}.image-dialog-toolbar{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:20px;padding:15px 20px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}.image-dialog-toolbar h2{font:18px var(--body);line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:0;max-width:50%}.image-tools{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:flex-end}.image-tools button,.image-tools a{border:1px solid #f1ebdd50;background:none;color:var(--cream);padding:7px 12px;line-height:1.4;font-size:12px}.image-tools output{font-size:12px;min-width:42px;text-align:center}.image-dialog-viewport{height:calc(100% - 155px);overflow:auto;display:grid;place-items:center;padding:16px;background:#263039}.image-dialog-viewport img{max-width:none;max-height:none;display:block;flex-shrink:0;background:white}.image-dialog>p{padding:15px 20px;font-size:11px;line-height:1.5;max-width:none;max-height:80px;overflow:auto}.image-dialog[open]{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.image-dialog[open] .image-dialog-viewport{flex:1;min-height:0}.image-dialog[open] .image-dialog-toolbar,.image-dialog[open]>p{flex-shrink:0}
@media(max-width:760px){.research-image{padding:10px}.research-figure{margin:30px 0}.research-figure figcaption{font-size:12px}.research-figure figcaption>strong{font-size:24px}.portrait-figure,.compact-figure{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}.portrait-figure .research-image img{max-width:min(100%,410px)}.compact-figure .research-image img{max-width:var(--source-width)}.instrument-study{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:10px}.instrument-study .research-image{min-height:0}.instrument-study .research-image img{max-height:430px}.team-portrait figcaption{font-size:12px}.chapter-people .chapter-hero-art{width:100%;height:100%;opacity:1;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#163831e8,#163831b0),linear-gradient(0deg,#163831ee,transparent 70%),url('assets/research/prl-team.jpg') 52% center/cover}.reference-group-heading h2{font-size:31px}.reference-group-heading{padding:30px 0}.image-dialog{width:calc(100vw - 16px);height:calc(100dvh - 16px)}.image-dialog-toolbar{align-items:start;padding:12px;flex-direction:column;gap:12px}.image-dialog-toolbar h2{max-width:100%;font-size:16px}.image-tools{gap:7px;width:100%;justify-content:start}.image-tools button,.image-tools a{font-size:11px;padding:8px 9px}.image-dialog>p{font-size:10px;padding:12px;max-height:120px}.image-dialog-viewport{padding:12px}.archive-photo img{height:auto}}

/* Publication contributors share the site's editorial type, colour and spacing. */
.contributors-feature section{scroll-margin-top:35px}
.contributors-opening{position:relative;isolation:isolate;overflow:hidden;padding:180px var(--pad) 50px;background:var(--ink)}
.contributors-sky{position:absolute;inset:0;z-index:-1;overflow:hidden}
.contributors-sky:after{content:'';position:absolute;inset:0;background:linear-gradient(0deg,var(--ink) 0%,#10121ac9 22%,#10121a30 100%),linear-gradient(90deg,#10121af5 0%,#10121ac9 46%,#10121a66 100%)}
.contributors-sky img{height:100%;object-fit:cover;object-position:center 36%;animation:contributors-sky-drift 34s ease-in-out infinite alternate}
@keyframes contributors-sky-drift{from{transform:scale(1.025)}to{transform:scale(1.065) translateY(1%)}}
.contributors-opening-copy{max-width:1500px;margin:auto}
.contributors-opening h1{font-size:clamp(68px,8.3vw,132px);line-height:.99;margin:42px 0 26px;max-width:1200px;text-wrap:balance}
.contributors-opening h1 em{color:var(--mint)}
.contributors-deck{font-size:clamp(28px,3.1vw,46px);line-height:1.16;max-width:1000px;color:var(--cream)}
.contributors-introduction{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:8%;margin-top:58px;max-width:1150px}
.contributors-introduction p{font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;margin:0;color:#e1e2df}
.contributors-contents{display:flex;gap:35px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:45px;padding-top:24px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);font-size:12px}
.contributors-contents a{display:inline-flex;gap:24px;align-items:center;padding:8px 0}
.contributors-contents a:hover{color:var(--mint)}
.contributor-primary{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:8%;padding:110px var(--pad) 120px;align-items:start}
.contributor-portrait{min-width:0}
.contributor-portrait img{aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:contain}
.contributor-portrait-primary{position:sticky;top:40px}
.contributor-portrait figcaption{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:16px;max-width:none;opacity:1;padding-top:15px;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.02em}
.contributor-portrait-primary figcaption{color:#55524d}
.contributor-biography{min-width:0}
.contributor-biography h2{font-size:clamp(44px,5.1vw,82px);line-height:1.04;letter-spacing:-.05em}
.contributor-biography h2 em{color:#824d38}
.contributor-role{font:12px/1.8 var(--display);letter-spacing:.04em;margin:25px 0 35px;max-width:62ch}
.contributor-role strong{font-weight:400}
.contributor-prose{max-width:62ch;min-width:0}
.contributor-prose p{font-size:17px;line-height:1.85}
.contributor-prose p+p{margin-top:24px}
.contributor-secondary{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,.65fr) minmax(0,1.35fr);gap:0 12%;padding:100px var(--pad) 110px;background:var(--green);color:var(--cream)}
.contributor-secondary-heading{grid-column:2;grid-row:1;min-width:0}
.contributor-secondary h2{font-size:clamp(44px,5.1vw,78px);line-height:1.05}
.contributor-secondary h2 em{color:var(--mint)}
.contributor-secondary .contributor-role{margin:23px 0 32px}
.contributor-portrait-secondary{grid-column:1;grid-row:1 / span 2;width:100%;max-width:360px;justify-self:start}
.contributor-portrait-secondary figcaption{color:var(--cream)}
.contributor-secondary>.contributor-prose{grid-column:2;grid-row:2}
.contributor-prose .contributor-secondary-lead{font:italic clamp(26px,2.7vw,38px)/1.2 var(--serif);color:var(--mint);margin-bottom:25px;max-width:23ch}
.contributors-purpose{padding:95px var(--pad) 80px}
.contributors-purpose-intro{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:8%}
.contributors-purpose h2{font-size:clamp(40px,4.5vw,72px);line-height:1.08}
.contributors-purpose h2 em{display:block;color:#824d38}
.contributors-closing{font:clamp(52px,7.8vw,124px)/1.04 var(--display);letter-spacing:-.06em;max-width:1350px;margin:90px 0 55px}
.contributors-closing strong{font-weight:400}
.contributors-closing em{color:#824d38}
.contributors-onward{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:25px;flex-wrap:wrap;border-top:1px solid #10121a40;padding-top:25px}
@media(min-width:1700px){.contributor-primary,.contributor-secondary,.contributors-purpose{padding-left:max(var(--pad),calc((100vw - 1500px)/2));padding-right:max(var(--pad),calc((100vw - 1500px)/2))}}
@media(max-width:1000px) and (min-width:761px){.contributors-opening h1{font-size:8.1vw}.contributor-primary{gap:6%;padding-top:80px;padding-bottom:85px}.contributor-biography h2{font-size:44px}.contributor-prose p{font-size:16px}.contributor-secondary{gap:0 8%}.contributor-role{font-size:11px}}
@media(max-width:760px){
 .contributors-opening{padding:145px var(--pad) 40px}
 .contributors-opening .eyebrow{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:6px 18px;font-size:9px}
 .contributors-opening h1{font-size:clamp(47px,9.5vw,68px);margin:32px 0 26px;line-height:1.02;text-wrap:initial}
 .contributors-deck{font-size:28px;line-height:1.2}
 .contributors-deck br{display:none}
 .contributors-introduction{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:22px;margin-top:35px}
 .contributors-introduction p{font-size:16px;line-height:1.8}
 .contributors-contents{display:grid;gap:0;margin-top:30px;padding-top:15px}
 .contributors-contents a{justify-content:space-between;min-height:44px}
 .contributor-primary{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:38px;padding:45px var(--pad) 60px}
 .contributor-portrait-primary{position:static}
 .contributor-portrait figcaption{font-size:10px;gap:12px}
 .contributor-biography h2{font-size:clamp(42px,8.8vw,62px)}
 .contributor-role{font-size:11px;line-height:1.85;margin:22px 0 26px}
 .contributor-prose p{font-size:16px;line-height:1.85}
 .contributor-secondary{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:28px;padding:55px var(--pad) 60px}
 .contributor-secondary-heading{grid-column:1;grid-row:1}
 .contributor-secondary h2{font-size:clamp(44px,8.8vw,62px)}
 .contributor-secondary .contributor-role{margin:20px 0 0}
 .contributor-portrait-secondary{grid-column:1;grid-row:2;max-width:290px;width:78%;justify-self:start}
 .contributor-secondary>.contributor-prose{grid-column:1;grid-row:3}
 .contributor-prose .contributor-secondary-lead{font-size:29px;margin-bottom:24px}
 .contributors-purpose{padding:55px var(--pad) 50px}
 .contributors-purpose-intro{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:30px}
 .contributors-purpose h2{font-size:44px}
 .contributors-purpose h2 em{display:inline}
 .contributors-closing{font-size:clamp(42px,8.6vw,62px);line-height:1.08;letter-spacing:-.055em;margin:55px 0 35px}
 .contributors-closing em br{display:none}
 .contributors-onward{gap:8px;flex-direction:column;align-items:start;padding-top:20px}
}

/* About disclosure follows the primary navigation's editorial styling. */
.nav-about{position:relative}.about-toggle{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:7px;background:none;border:0;padding:10px 0;font-size:12px;white-space:nowrap}.about-toggle:after{content:'';position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:0;height:1px;background:var(--coral);transition:width .2s}.about-toggle:hover:after,.about-toggle.is-current:after,.about-toggle[aria-expanded=true]:after{width:100%}.about-toggle span{transition:transform .2s}.about-toggle[aria-expanded=true] span{transform:rotate(180deg)}.about-nav{position:absolute;top:calc(100% + 12px);right:-18px;width:230px;padding:10px 18px;background:var(--ink);color:var(--cream);border:1px solid var(--line)}.about-nav[hidden]{display:none}.site-header .about-nav a{display:block;padding:12px 0;line-height:1.4}.light .about-nav{background:var(--cream);color:var(--ink);border-color:#10121a30}.light .about-toggle:after{background:#8a442d}.contact-email{max-width:100%;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.contact-email span{flex-shrink:0}
@media(max-width:1100px){.about-toggle{font-size:11px}}
@media(max-width:960px){.menu-toggle{display:block}.header-actions{flex-shrink:0}.site-header nav{display:none;position:absolute;top:99px;left:0;right:0;background:#10121af9;padding:24px var(--pad);flex-direction:column;align-items:stretch;gap:12px;color:var(--cream);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);max-height:calc(100svh - 100px);overflow-y:auto}.site-header nav.open{display:flex}.site-header nav>a,.about-toggle{font-size:20px}.site-header nav>a{align-self:flex-start}.about-toggle{min-height:44px}.site-header .about-nav{position:static;width:auto;margin:8px 0 4px;padding:0 0 0 20px;border:0;border-left:1px solid var(--line);background:transparent;color:inherit}.site-header .about-nav a{font-size:16px;width:fit-content}.light .site-header nav a:after,.light .about-toggle:after{background:var(--coral)}}
@media(max-width:760px){.site-header nav{top:79px;max-height:calc(100svh - 80px)}}
/* Chapter heroes: imagery beneath coloured gradients, with chapter-specific light. */
.chapter .chapter-hero{--hero-ground:#11151d;--hero-accent:var(--coral);--hero-focus:65% 50%;background:var(--hero-ground);min-height:710px;padding:170px var(--pad) 95px;display:grid;align-items:center}
.chapter-light .chapter-hero{--hero-ground:#171722;--hero-accent:#c6b0ee}
.chapter-clouds .chapter-hero{--hero-ground:#142525;--hero-accent:var(--mint)}
.chapter-india .chapter-hero{--hero-ground:#142923;--hero-accent:#d7df9b}
.chapter-transport .chapter-hero{--hero-ground:#151b29;--hero-accent:#c5afe9}
.chapter-instruments .chapter-hero{--hero-ground:#151c23;--hero-accent:#c6b0ee;--hero-focus:75% 67%}
.chapter-story .chapter-hero{--hero-ground:#131f29;--hero-accent:var(--mint)}
.chapter-expeditions .chapter-hero,.chapter-people .chapter-hero{--hero-ground:#163831;--hero-accent:var(--mint)}
.chapter .chapter-hero-copy{max-width:min(900px,72%);position:relative;z-index:2}
.chapter .chapter-hero h1{font-size:clamp(56px,6.1vw,100px);line-height:1.02;margin:35px 0;max-width:100%;text-wrap:balance}
.chapter .chapter-hero h1 em{color:var(--hero-accent)}
.chapter .chapter-hero .standfirst{max-width:680px;font-size:clamp(19px,1.65vw,24px);line-height:1.55}
.chapter .chapter-hero .eyebrow{font-size:9px;gap:18px;flex-wrap:wrap;line-height:1.7}
.chapter .article-meta{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px 24px;line-height:1.7;margin-top:34px}
.chapter-hero-media{position:absolute;inset:0;z-index:0}
.chapter-hero-media img{width:100%;height:100%;display:block;object-fit:cover;object-position:var(--hero-focus)}
.chapter-hero-media:after{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--hero-ground),transparent 70%),linear-gradient(0deg,var(--hero-ground),transparent 50%)}
.chapter .chapter-hero:after{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0;z-index:1;pointer-events:none;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--hero-ground) 0%,color-mix(in srgb,var(--hero-ground) 90%,transparent) 29%,color-mix(in srgb,var(--hero-ground) 46%,transparent) 66%,color-mix(in srgb,var(--hero-ground) 24%,transparent) 100%)}
.chapter .hero-artwork .chapter-hero-media{inset:0}
.chapter-light .chapter-hero-media:after{background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--hero-ground),transparent 52%),linear-gradient(0deg,var(--hero-ground),transparent 40%)}
.chapter-clouds .chapter-hero-media img{object-position:65% 50%}
.chapter-india .chapter-hero-media img{object-position:70% 50%}
.chapter-transport .chapter-hero-media:after{background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--hero-ground),transparent 65%),linear-gradient(0deg,var(--hero-ground),transparent 40%)}
.chapter-story .chapter-hero-media img{object-position:80% 50%}
/* Photograph-specific washes soften bright buildings and sky without retouching. */
.chapter-people .chapter-hero-media img{object-position:center 42%}
.chapter-people .chapter-hero:after{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#163831f5 0%,#163831e0 28%,#16383188 62%,#16383155 100%),linear-gradient(0deg,#163831dd,transparent 70%)}
.chapter-expeditions .chapter-hero-media img{object-position:center 48%;opacity:.72}
.chapter-expeditions .chapter-hero:after{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#163831f5 0%,#163831db 35%,#16383199 72%,#16383188),linear-gradient(0deg,#163831,transparent 80%)}
.chapter-instruments .chapter-hero-media img{object-position:75% 67%;opacity:.78}
.chapter-instruments .chapter-hero:after{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#151c23f5 0%,#151c23dc 35%,#151c2370 70%,#151c2340),linear-gradient(0deg,#151c23,transparent 65%)}
.chapter-hero-caption{position:absolute;z-index:3;bottom:28px;right:var(--pad);left:45%;max-width:750px;font:9px/1.6 var(--display);letter-spacing:.045em;color:#dedfd8;text-align:right}
.chapter-illustration{border-radius:4px;overflow:hidden;aspect-ratio:3/2;object-fit:cover}
.research-photo .research-image img{max-width:min(100%,var(--source-width));height:auto}
.team-portrait img{height:auto}
@media(min-width:1800px){.chapter .chapter-hero{min-height:780px}}
@media(max-width:1100px) and (min-width:761px){.chapter .chapter-hero{min-height:680px}.chapter .chapter-hero h1{font-size:clamp(54px,6.6vw,72px)}.chapter .chapter-hero-copy{max-width:78%}.chapter .chapter-hero .eyebrow{font-size:8px;gap:10px}.chapter .article-meta{font-size:8px;gap:12px}}
@media(max-width:760px){
 .chapter .chapter-hero{padding:150px 24px 75px;min-height:650px;align-items:center}
 .chapter .chapter-hero-copy{max-width:100%}
 .chapter .chapter-hero h1{font-size:clamp(46px,11.2vw,76px);margin:26px 0;line-height:1.04}
 .chapter .chapter-hero .standfirst{font-size:19px;line-height:1.6}
 .chapter .chapter-hero .eyebrow{font-size:8px;gap:8px}
 .chapter .article-meta{font-size:8px;gap:12px 18px;margin-top:28px}
 .chapter .hero-artwork .chapter-hero-media{inset:0}
 .chapter .chapter-hero-media img{object-position:65% 35%}
 .chapter .chapter-hero-media:after{background:linear-gradient(0deg,var(--hero-ground),transparent 80%)}
 .chapter .chapter-hero:after{background:linear-gradient(0deg,var(--hero-ground) 0%,color-mix(in srgb,var(--hero-ground) 80%,transparent) 30%,color-mix(in srgb,var(--hero-ground) 58%,transparent) 70%,color-mix(in srgb,var(--hero-ground) 42%,transparent) 100%)}
 /* Responsive crops keep faces and the observing platform in the image field. */
 .chapter-people .chapter-hero-media img{object-position:59% 42%}
 .chapter-people .chapter-hero:after{background:linear-gradient(0deg,#163831 0%,#163831d9 36%,#163831a3 70%,#16383180),linear-gradient(90deg,#163831aa,#16383144)}
 .chapter-expeditions .chapter-hero-media img{object-position:65% 48%}
 .chapter-instruments .chapter-hero-media img{object-position:72% 55%;opacity:.75}
 .chapter-hero-caption{left:24px;right:24px;bottom:22px;font-size:8px}
 .chapter-list .chapter-illustration{width:100%;margin:0}
}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.chapter-illustration{transition:none}.chapter-list a:hover .chapter-illustration{transform:none}}
/* The comparison cards also appear on a cream article section. */
.cream .evidence-grid p{color:#4f4d48}